Multiple myeloma, also known as blood plasma myeloma, is rare: only 5 to 7 new cases in 100,000 people are reported yearly. Multiple myeloma often goes undetected until it is advanced. Early detection can prevent or postpone the debilitating bone loss and painful compression fractures that are characteristic of multiple myeloma. Knowing the symptoms of multiple myeloma is beneficial, especially for individuals who are at risk for developing the disease.
What Causes Myeloma?
No one knows exactly what causes multiple myeloma. Certain factors may promote the development of multiple myeloma such as exposure to herbicides, pesticides, petroleum, asbestos, radiation and other external triggers. A compromised immune system adds to the risk. Some scientists speculate that the cancer is caused from one or more viruses. In some cases, there could be a familial predisposition to myeloma. Black males are most frequently afflicted, followed by white males. Women and Asian populations are least likely to develop myeloma disease. Historically, multiple myeloma was associated with the geriatric population. Now, more individuals are being diagnosed in their 50s and early 60s.
Myeloma Symptoms Caused by Kidney and Bone Damage
Elevation of monoclonal protein in blood indicates multiple myeloma. Sometimes, monoclonal protein is discovered in routine blood tests before the individual notices other symptoms. Some people have a form of myeloma that produces incomplete glycoproteins called Bence Jones proteins. Monoclonal proteins are elevated in the urine instead of the blood in these individuals. Either condition can damage the kidneys. Hypercalcemia, increased calcium in the blood, is another problem associated with multiple myeloma that effects the kidneys adversely. Related symptoms that can easily be attributed to other causes are: fatigue, thirst, loss of appetite, weakness, restlessness, confusion, lack of concentration, constipation, increased urination, nausea, vomiting and kidney failure.
Multiple myeloma eats away at healthy bone tissue and causes bones to be brittle and weak. Resultant compression fractures of the spine can be quite painful. X-rays often show holes in the bone structure of individuals with multiple myeloma.
Other Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
People who are suffering from multiple myeloma are prone to infections, including recurrent bouts of pneumonia due to their weakened immune systems. Cancer cells crowding out healthy red blood cells in the bone marrow causes anemia. Neurological symptoms such as tingling and numbness can occur due to nerve impingements.
Multiple myeloma can also cause thickening of the blood resulting in respiratory distress and circulatory problems.
Diagnosis and Treatment
There is no simple test for multiple myeloma. Diagnosis usually is based on tests, the individual's history and a physical examination. Once multiple myeloma is confirmed, age, physical condition, classification and stage of the disease determine treatment options. They include chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant and emerging combination therapies.
Prognosis
Multiple myeloma is not curable, but it is treatable. Recent advancements in treating the cancer have enhanced both the quality and quantity of life after diagnosis. Ongoing research and clinical trials are being conducted by major pharmaceutical companies thanks to increased influence from such organizations as the International Myeloma Foundation and the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation.
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